Xanthan gum is a popular ingredient used as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer in gluten-free baking, sauces, dressings, and other foods.
However, some people need or prefer to avoid xanthan gum due to allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions.
An In-Depth Look at Xanthan Gum
To understand why xanthan gum substitutes are necessary, it helps to first examine the ingredient itself. Below is a detailed background on what xanthan gum is, how it's used, and who may require replacements.
What is Xanthan Gum?
Xanthan gum is a popular food additive produced through bacterial fermentation of sugars. The process involves a bacteria called Xanthomonas campestris, which is combined with a sugar source, usually derived from corn, wheat, or soy.
As the sugars are fermented, the bacterium creates a slime-like polysaccharide known as xanthan gum. Once dried and ground into a fine powder, it is ready for use as an additive in foods.
Uses and Benefits of Xanthan Gum
Xanthan gum has some exceptional qualities that make it a versatile ingredient in many foods and recipes:
- Thickening agent - It can thicken and add viscosity to sauces, gravies, dressings, and soups without heating. Just a small amount provides smooth, uniform thickness.
- Emulsifier - It has powerful emulsification properties, allowing it to blend ingredients that normally do not mix, like oil and water. This helps create creamy salad dressings.
- Binder and stabilizer - In baking, it mimics the binding and elastic structure that gluten provides. It gives strength to batters and dough and helps prevent crumbling in gluten-free baked goods.
- Moisture retention - Xanthan gum also enables batter and dough to retain moisture, resulting in a soft, chewy texture in items like bread and muffins.
- Easy to use - It dissolves and blends easily into both cold and hot liquids. The powder form makes it simple to incorporate into recipes as needed.
Who May Need Xanthan Gum Substitutes?
While xanthan gum is generally recognized as safe by regulatory agencies, some individuals may require or prefer substitutes, including:
- Those with sensitivities or allergies to corn, soy, or wheat, as xanthan gum production can involve these ingredients.
- People who experience digestive issues from xanthan gum intake, like gas, bloating, and diarrhea.
- Vegans or vegetarians, as some manufacturers use animal-derived ingredients during processing.
- Those on keto, paleo, or elimination diets that restrict additives like xanthan gum.
- People looking for more natural or unprocessed alternatives in their foods.
- Individuals with gluten, corn, or other food intolerances that wish to avoid any cross-contamination risk.
- Anyone simply looking to experiment with alternatives for reasons like cost savings or improved nutrition.
The Best Xanthan Gum Substitute Options
A variety of ingredients can successfully stand in for xanthan gum in recipes. Here are 12 of the top substitutes to consider:
1. Ground Flaxseeds
Ground flaxseeds, also called flaxseed meal, make an excellent xanthan gum alternative, especially in baked goods.
They contain mucilage, a gel-like soluble fiber that absorbs moisture. This mimics xanthan gum's moisture retention abilities.
To use, mix 1 tablespoon of ground flaxseeds with 3 tablespoons of warm water. Allow to thicken for 10-15 minutes before adding it to a recipe.
Replace xanthan gum in a 1:1 ratio. Expect a slightly nuttier flavor and denser texture.
2. Chia Seeds
Like flaxseeds, chia seeds are nutritional powerhouses that form a gel when combined with liquid. This makes them an ideal substitute.
For every 1 tablespoon of xanthan gum, use 1 tablespoon of chia seeds mixed with 2 tablespoons of water until thickened.
They work well in breads, cookies, and batters. Keep in mind they may impart a mild nutty taste.
3. Psyllium Husk Powder
Psyllium husk is a soluble fiber that absorbs moisture and adds binding power similar to xanthan gum.
It works well in gluten-free baked goods, giving structure and preventing crumbling.
Use 2 teaspoons of psyllium husk powder in place of 1 teaspoon of xanthan gum. It has a mild earthy flavor to consider.
4. Guar Gum
Like xanthan gum, guar gum is commonly used as a thickener and emulsifier. It stabilizes gluten-free dough and batters.
Derived from guar beans, it’s generally well-tolerated but can cause digestion issues at high doses.
Replace xanthan gum with guar gum using a 3:2 ratio. It may produce slightly lower viscosity.
5. Gelatin
Unflavored gelatin mimics xanthan gum’s gelling properties. It provides moisture and structure to baked goods.
Use 2 teaspoons of gelatin per 1 teaspoon of xanthan gum. Mix with cool water before adding to batters.
Note that gelatin is not vegetarian-friendly, as it’s derived from animal collagen.
6. Agar Agar
Agar agar powder is a vegan alternative to gelatin made from seaweed. It acts as a stabilizer and thickener.
It can successfully mimic xanthan gum at a 1:1 ratio. Prepare it by dissolving in warm liquid first.
Expect agar agar to create a firmer, denser texture compared to xanthan gum.
7. Arrowroot
Arrowroot is a gluten-free starch that absorbs moisture and adds binding power to recipes. It helps create structure in the absence of gluten.
It works well in cookies, cakes, breads, and pastries at a 1:1 ratio. Expect a crispier texture compared to xanthan gum.
8. Cornstarch
A common kitchen staple, cornstarch makes an easy xanthan gum substitute in sauces, gravies, and stews.
It must be heated to thicken, so works best in cooked recipes, not baking. Use a 1:1 ratio for xanthan gum.
Ensure brands are gluten-free if needed. Mix with cool water first to prevent clumping.
9. Egg Whites
Whipped egg whites provide lift and structure to baked goods to mimic xanthan gum's binding powers.
Replace 1 tablespoon of xanthan gum with 1 large egg white. Whip whites to stiff peaks before folding into batter.
Avoid egg whites if you have an egg allergy or follow a vegan diet.
10. Pectin
Pectin is a gelling agent derived from fruits. It provides a similar stabilizing and thickening effect to xanthan gum.
It works well in jams, jellies, and delicacies. Use approximately 1/2 teaspoon of pectin per 1 teaspoon of xanthan gum.
Pectin is plant-based and fruit-derived, making it a natural vegan substitute.
11. Konjac Glucomannan
Konjac glucomannan is a soluble fiber derived from the Asian konjac plant. It gels and thickens at a ratio similar to xanthan gum.
It has no flavor and is gluten-free. Use a 1:1 substitution. It achieves optimal thickness with less powder than xanthan gum.
Some report digestive issues with large amounts, so start with a little and adjust as needed.
12. Chickpea Brine
The brine leftover from canned chickpeas contains starches and gums that mimic xanthan gum's thickening power.
Drain and reserve the chickpea liquid. Use a 1:1 ratio to replace xanthan gum in recipes. It works well in soups, stews, and gravies.
This tip reduces food waste and avoids additives. However, it may impart a mild chickpea flavor.
Key Takeaway: Viable xanthan gum substitutes include ground flaxseeds, chia seeds, psyllium husk powder, guar gum, gelatin, agar agar, arrowroot, cornstarch, egg whites, pectin, glucomannan, and chickpea brine.
Choosing the Best Xanthan Gum Alternative
With so many options for xanthan gum substitutes, it helps to compare their unique characteristics. Consider the following when deciding which replacement best suits your needs:
Dietary Restrictions
If following a gluten-free, paleo, keto, or vegan diet, exclude substitutes that do not fit the requirements.
For example, flaxseeds, psyllium husk, and arrowroot work well for paleo and keto diets. Agar agar and pectin are ideal for vegans.
Allergies and Intolerances
Avoid substitutes you are allergic or intolerant to, like eggs, corn, chickpeas, and soy.
Test alternatives in small amounts first if you have sensitivities. Opt for less processed, natural choices when possible.
Taste and Texture
Some substitutes like flaxseeds and chia seeds impart nuttier flavors, while chickpea brine has a bean-like taste.
Ingredients like agar agar produce firmer gels compared to xanthan gum's smooth consistency.
Recipe Type
Consider the food you are making. Substitutes like cornstarch and arrowroot suit sauces better than baked goods.
Chia seeds and psyllium work well in breads and muffins that need structure. Gelatin excels in creamy desserts.
Cost and Availability
Opt for accessible, budget-friendly substitutions you can easily source, like cornstarch and egg whites.
Guar gum and glucomannan may be pricier or harder to find than pantry staples.
Preparation Requirements
Some substitutes like agar agar require soaking and heating before use. Others like psyllium husk powder can be added directly.
Factor in preparation time and methods based on the recipe and environment.
Tips for Using Xanthan Gum Substitutes
Below are some tips and best practices when using replacements in recipes:
- Always check labels for allergens and confirm dietary suitability if needed.
- Start with smaller amounts of substitutes and adjust quantities as required.
- Combine substitutes for improved results, like psyllium husk and chia seeds.
- Alter hydration if a substitute absorbs more moisture to prevent over-wetting.
- Allow extra time for substitutes that need pre-preparation like soaking or heating.
- Mix substitutes thoroughly into a recipe to distribute evenly and prevent clumping.
- Consider adding substitutes at different stages, depending on the recipe instructions.
- Document measurements and results each time for future recipe adjustments.
- Be prepared to experiment and tweak ratios until reaching your desired outcome.
Sample Recipes Using Xanthan Gum Substitutes
Below are two recipes that demonstrate substitutions in action:
Gluten-Free Pizza Crust
Makes one 12-inch crust
Ingredients:
- 1 1/2 cups (192g) gluten-free all-purpose flour
- 1 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 teaspoon onion powder
- 1 teaspoon Italian herb seasoning
- 1/2 teaspoon sea salt
- 1 1/4 teaspoons baking powder
- 1/2 cup (120mL) warm water
- 1 tablespoon (8g) ground chia seeds
- 3 tablespoons (45mL) olive oil
Instructions:
- In a bowl, combine the flour, garlic powder, onion powder, Italian seasoning, salt, and baking powder.
- In a separate small bowl, combine the water and chia seeds. Allow to thicken for 10 minutes, creating a chia gel.
- Add the chia gel and olive oil to the dry ingredients. Mix until a dough forms.
- On a floured surface, roll out the dough into a 12-inch circle and transfer to a pizza pan. Top and bake as desired.
Thick and Creamy Tomato Soup
Serves 4
Ingredients:
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 1 small onion, diced
- 3 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 (28-ounce) cans crushed tomatoes
- 2 cups vegetable broth
- 1 teaspoon dried basil
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1/4 teaspoon red pepper flakes
- 1/4 cup heavy cream or full-fat coconut milk
- Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
- In a pot over medium heat, add the olive oil. Sauté the onions until translucent, about 3 minutes.
- Add the garlic and sauté for 1 minute.
- Add the crushed tomatoes, vegetable broth, basil, oregano, and red pepper flakes. Bring to a boil then reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes.
- Turn off the heat. Carefully transfer the soup to a blender and blend until smooth.
- Return the blended soup to the pot and stir in the heavy cream. Heat through.
- Season to taste with salt and pepper before serving.
Key Takeaway: Substitutes like chia gel and heavy cream can successfully replace xanthan gum in pizza dough and creamy soups, mimicking its binding and thickening abilities.
FAQs
Can I use multiple substitutes together in one recipe?
Yes, combining two substitutes can improve results as they each provide unique properties. For example, add psyllium husk for binding power and cornstarch for thickening.
How do I know if a substitution worked effectively?
Observe the final food’s appearance and texture. It should ideally mimic the recipe when made with xanthan gum. Make notes for any adjustments needed.
Can I freeze and reheat recipes using substitutes?
Most substitutes withstand freezing and reheating well. However, cornstarch can break down during freezing. Test dishes made with substitutes before large batch prep.
Do xanthan gum substitutes alter nutritional values?
Substitutions can modify nutritional profiles slightly based on their own macros and calories. Overall, most reputable substitutes maintain relatively similar nutrition to xanthan gum.
Can I substitute xanthan gum in a boxed cake mix?
Yes, options like gelatin, cornstarch, guar gum, and psyllium husk should provide stability when swapping out xanthan gum called for in boxed mixes.
Conclusion
While xanthan gum serves many useful purposes, various substitutes can replicate its stabilizing and thickening powers for those who want or need to avoid it.
Ground flaxseeds, chia seeds, psyllium husk powder, and guar gum make excellent alternatives, especially in gluten-free baked goods. Gelatin, agar agar, arrowroot, and cornstarch excel when a thickener or gelling agent is needed.
Consider the recipe, nutritional needs, taste, and preparation requirements when deciding on the best substitute. Test different ratios and find combinations that work for your cooking style and tastes.